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The present book is a monograph about two groups of hypotrichous
ciliates, namely the Amphisiellidae and the Trachelostylidae. It is
the third of six volumes which - view the Hypotricha, one of the
three major taxa of the spirotrichs. The first volume is about the
Oxytrichidae, a rather large group, many species of which have 18
highly characteristically arranged frontal-ventral-transverse cirri
and, much more importantly, a comparatively complex dorsal
ciliature due to (oxytrichid) fragmen- tion of dorsal kineties
during cell division (Berger 1999). The second volume deals with
the Urostyloidea, which are characterised by a zigzag-arrangement
of the ventral cirri (Berger 2006). Although this pattern is often
very impressive, it is a relatively simple feature originating by a
more or less distinct increase of the number of
frontal-ventral-transverse cirri anlagen. These anlagen produce
cirral pairs which are serially arranged in non-dividing specimens.
Some - ers are likely astonished that the monograph on urostyloids
does not include Urol- tus, a group of tailed species, which also
have a distinct zigzagging cirral pattern. However, morphological
and molecular data indicate that the zigzag pattern of U- leptus
evolved independently, that is, convergently to that of the
urostyloids. Thus, Uroleptus was excluded from the urostyloid
review. A zigzag pattern is also known from some oxytrichids, for
example, Neokeronopsis, Territricha, Pattersoniella, showing that
this pattern evolved several times independently (Berger 1999,
2006, Foissner et al. 2004).
The present monograph is the fourth of six volumes which review the
Hypotricha, a major group of the spirotrichs. The book is about the
Gonostomatidae, the Kahliellidae, and some taxa of unknown position
in the hypotrichs. Gonostomum was previously misclassified in the
Oxytrichidae because its type species Gonostomum affine has
basically an 18-cirri pattern, which is dominant in the
oxytrichids. A new hypothesis, considering also molecular data,
postulates that this 18-cirri pattern evolved in the last common
ancestor of the hypotrichs and therefore it appears throughout the
Hypotricha tree. The simple dorsal kinety pattern, composed of only
three bipolar dorsal kineties, and gene sequence analyses strongly
suggest that Gonostomum branches off rather early in the
phylogenetic tree. Thus, the Gonostomatidae, previously synonymised
with the oxytrichids, are reactivated to include the name-bearing
type genus and other genera (e.g., Paragonostomum, Wallackia,
Cladotricha) which have the characteristic gonostomatid oral
apparatus. The Kahliellidae are a rather vague group mainly defined
via the preservation of parts of the parental infraciliature. The
kahliellids preliminary comprise, besides the name-bearing type
genus Kahliella, genera such as Parakahliella and its African
pendant Afrokahliella or the monotypic Engelmanniella. In total 68
species distributed in 21 genera and subgenera are revised. As in
the previous volumes almost all morphological, morphogenetic,
molecular, faunistic, and ecological data, scattered in almost 700
papers, are compiled so that the four volumes (Oxytrichidae,
Urostyloidea, Amphisiellidae and Trachelostylidae, Gonostomatidae
and Kahliellida) provide a detailed insight into the biology of
almost 500 species of hypotrichs. The series is an up-to-date
overview about this highly interesting taxon of spirotrichous
ciliates mainly addressed to taxonomists, cell biologists,
ecologists, molecular biologists, and practitioners.
The present monograph is the fourth of six volumes which review the
Hypotricha, a major group of the spirotrichs. The book is about the
Gonostomatidae, the Kahliellidae, and some taxa of unknown position
in the hypotrichs. Gonostomum was previously misclassified in the
Oxytrichidae because its type species Gonostomum affine has
basically an 18-cirri pattern, which is dominant in the
oxytrichids. A new hypothesis, considering also molecular data,
postulates that this 18-cirri pattern evolved in the last common
ancestor of the hypotrichs and therefore it appears throughout the
Hypotricha tree. The simple dorsal kinety pattern, composed of only
three bipolar dorsal kineties, and gene sequence analyses strongly
suggest that Gonostomum branches off rather early in the
phylogenetic tree. Thus, the Gonostomatidae, previously synonymised
with the oxytrichids, are reactivated to include the name-bearing
type genus and other genera (e.g., Paragonostomum, Wallackia,
Cladotricha) which have the characteristic gonostomatid oral
apparatus. The Kahliellidae are a rather vague group mainly defined
via the preservation of parts of the parental infraciliature. The
kahliellids preliminary comprise, besides the name-bearing type
genus Kahliella, genera such as Parakahliella and its African
pendant Afrokahliella or the monotypic Engelmanniella. In total 68
species distributed in 21 genera and subgenera are revised. As in
the previous volumes almost all morphological, morphogenetic,
molecular, faunistic, and ecological data, scattered in almost 700
papers, are compiled so that the four volumes (Oxytrichidae,
Urostyloidea, Amphisiellidae and Trachelostylidae, Gonostomatidae
and Kahliellida) provide a detailed insight into the biology of
almost 500 species of hypotrichs. The series is an up-to-date
overview about this highly interesting taxon of spirotrichous
ciliates mainly addressed to taxonomists, cell biologists,
ecologists, molecular biologists, and practitioners.
The present book is a monograph about two groups of hypotrichous
ciliates, namely the Amphisiellidae and the Trachelostylidae. It is
the third of six volumes which - view the Hypotricha, one of the
three major taxa of the spirotrichs. The first volume is about the
Oxytrichidae, a rather large group, many species of which have 18
highly characteristically arranged frontal-ventral-transverse cirri
and, much more importantly, a comparatively complex dorsal
ciliature due to (oxytrichid) fragmen- tion of dorsal kineties
during cell division (Berger 1999). The second volume deals with
the Urostyloidea, which are characterised by a zigzag-arrangement
of the ventral cirri (Berger 2006). Although this pattern is often
very impressive, it is a relatively simple feature originating by a
more or less distinct increase of the number of
frontal-ventral-transverse cirri anlagen. These anlagen produce
cirral pairs which are serially arranged in non-dividing specimens.
Some - ers are likely astonished that the monograph on urostyloids
does not include Urol- tus, a group of tailed species, which also
have a distinct zigzagging cirral pattern. However, morphological
and molecular data indicate that the zigzag pattern of U- leptus
evolved independently, that is, convergently to that of the
urostyloids. Thus, Uroleptus was excluded from the urostyloid
review. A zigzag pattern is also known from some oxytrichids, for
example, Neokeronopsis, Territricha, Pattersoniella, showing that
this pattern evolved several times independently (Berger 1999,
2006, Foissner et al. 2004).
I have written this book because there is, as in almost all
supraspecific ciliate taxa, an ur- gent need for an up-to-date
revision of the oxytrichids, which are common in terrestrial,
limnetic, and marine biotopes. The last comprehensive, illustrated
guides to this group of hypotrichs were provided by KAHL (1932) and
SmLER (1974b); however, as regards syn- onymy and faunistics, these
works are outdated and not as detailed as EHRENBERG'S out- standing
book from 1838. In KAHL's revision, the oxytrichids sensu stricto
are described on about 30 pages, whereas in the present book the
systematic section comprises about 830 pages. This extraordinary
increase in page number is mainly due to the following points: (i)
Species number increased from about SO in KAHL to about 170 in the
present book. (ii) KAHL usually provided only a single illustration
of each species, whereas almost all published illustrations on
oxytrichid ciliates are included in my book. (iii) Modern,
phylogenetic systematics of oxytrichids without morphogenetic data
is impossible; conse- quentlY,*almost all detailed descriptions,
usually dealing with the type species, have been included. (iv)
Synonymy is discussed, and not only mentioned, as is unfortunately
usual.
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